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ULO is the abbreviation for Used Lube Oil, referring to used lubricating oil. This type of oil loses its original lubricating properties due to factors such as high temperature and contamination during the operation of engines or other mechanical equipment. Locally, ULO must be recycled and processed through compliant channels, such as being sent to professional waste oil recycling facilities. After refining and purification, it can be converted into base oil or other industrial oils, which not only reduces resource waste but also prevents soil and water contamination caused by improper disposal. It is an important type of oil that requires attention in both automotive maintenance and environmental protection.

Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO), also known as residual fuel oil, is a high-viscosity, tar-like residue left after crude oil is distilled and cracked to extract light hydrocarbon products such as gasoline and diesel. Its main components are alkanes, naphthenes and various hydrocarbons, with a boiling point range of 300°C to 700°C, a density typically between 0.82 and 0.95, and a calorific value of approximately 10,000 to 11,000 kcal/kg. Characterized by high molecular weight and viscosity, it requires preheating for combustion in engines. In international trade, designations such as RMA, RMB and RMD are commonly used. As a residual product, heavy fuel oil is relatively inexpensive, but its use presents certain challenges, including difficulty in cleanup after spills and higher pollution emissions during combustion. The International Maritime Organization has prohibited its use on vessels operating in Antarctic waters. Definitions vary by region: Europe considers it a black viscous residue or blend from crude oil distillation, primarily used in steam boilers, heating furnaces or large slow-speed diesel engines; the United States classifies all combustible liquid petroleum products with a flash point not below 37.8°C as fuel oil, with residual fuel oil (i.e., heavy fuel oil) being mainly applied in industrial, power generation, boiler and marine fuel sectors. Additionally, heavy fuel oil sources include atmospheric residue and vacuum residue from crude oil processing. With high carbon content and a calorific value of 40,000 to 42,000 kJ/kg, it serves as a premium fuel in steel production.

No. 1 and No. 2 fuel oils are distillate fuel oils, and they are among the fuel oil grades classified according to the standard SH/T0356-1996. These types of fuel oils are processed from petroleum distillates, with the kinematic viscosity at 40 degrees Celsius as the measurement standard. They have low viscosity characteristics and are suitable for use in household and small industrial burners, such as home heating equipment and small industrial heating furnaces. Compared with No. 4 and above heavy distillate or residual fuel oils, No. 1 and No. 2 fuel oils are lighter in texture, easier to atomize, and have higher combustion efficiency, which can meet the combustion needs of small equipment. Residual fuel oils, on the other hand, are mostly used in large industrial equipment that requires high calorific value, such as large marine boilers and metallurgical furnaces.

HFO fuel refers to Heavy Fuel Oil, a residual fuel produced from crude oil through distillation and cracking processes, characterized by high viscosity and high density. It is mainly used as marine fuel and is widely adopted by the international shipping industry due to its low cost and extensive global supply. However, HFO contains a large amount of pollutants such as sulfur compounds, nitrogen compounds, and aromatic hydrocarbons. When burned, it emits more sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter, which have a significant impact on the environment. To meet different usage requirements, HFO is often mixed with light fuels such as marine diesel to form Intermediate Fuel Oil (IFO), which is classified into types like IFO180 (with a viscosity of 180 mm²/s at 50°C) and IFO380 based on viscosity. According to the definition of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) 1973, HFO refers to fuel with a density greater than 900 kg/m³ at 15°C or a kinematic viscosity exceeding 180 mm²/s at 50°C. Currently, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has banned the use of HFO by ships sailing in the Antarctic, and a ban on HFO use in Arctic waters is also under consideration to reduce its potential harm to the polar environment.

The original text is already in English and does not require translation. If the user intended to have it translated into Chinese, the provided Chinese translation is accurate and does not need any adjustments. However, if the user mistakenly provided the English text as the source for translation (instead of Chinese), here is the corrected version of the English text after careful review: **Original English Text (Verified as Correct):** In Malaysia, Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) is typically cheaper per unit volume than diesel. This is due to HFO being a residual fuel product that undergoes fewer refining steps compared to diesel, which requires more intricate processing to meet road vehicle engine standards. For reference, the controlled price of Euro 5 diesel in Malaysia is around RM2.15 per liter (as per recent regulatory data), while HFO—primarily used in industrial sectors like power plants, marine vessels, and heavy industrial machinery—usually costs between RM1.40 and RM1.80 per liter for bulk purchases. However, HFO is not a viable option for most passenger or commercial vehicles here: its high viscosity demands preheating systems, it emits higher levels of pollutants (failing to comply with Malaysia’s Euro 4/5 emission norms for road use), and its impurities can cause accelerated wear on standard diesel engines. Thus, even though HFO is more affordable than diesel, its practical application is limited to specific industrial uses rather than everyday road transport, making it an impractical alternative for typical vehicle owners. **Note:** The English text is grammatically and semantically accurate, with no errors in terminology or syntax. No modifications are required. (If the user’s request was to translate the English text into Chinese, the provided Chinese translation is correct and may be used directly.)