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The cooling system is a critical component for the normal operation of an automobile engine. Its core function is to transfer the heat from the engine's high-temperature components to the radiator through circulating coolant and dissipate it into the air, ensuring the engine maintains an optimal operating temperature range of 76°C to 90°C. If the temperature is too low, it will accelerate component wear and reduce combustion efficiency, leading to increased pollutant emissions; if the temperature is too high, it may cause cylinder block deformation or even cylinder explosion. The system intelligently switches between small and large cycles via a thermostat: at low temperatures (below 76°C), the small cycle is activated, and the coolant bypasses the radiator to heat up quickly; at high temperatures (above 86°C), it switches to the large cycle, and the coolant is sufficiently cooled through the radiator. The main components include coolant with anti-freeze and anti-corrosion properties, a water pump for pressurized circulation, a radiator as the heat exchange core, a thermostat for temperature regulation, as well as an electronic fan and a water temperature sensor for auxiliary heat dissipation. For example, in tropical climates, the coolant needs to have a higher boiling point, and regular checks of the water pump's sealing and the radiator's cleanliness can effectively prevent overheating failures. This sophisticated thermal management system not only improves fuel economy but also significantly extends the engine's lifespan.

Brake pad replacement should be determined based on a comprehensive assessment of wear level, mileage, and abnormal indicators. New brake pads are approximately 15 millimeters thick and must be replaced when worn down to 3-5 millimeters remaining (about one-third of the original thickness). Some models also require immediate replacement when the wear limit indicator is engaged. Front brake pads typically require replacement every 30,000-50,000 kilometers, while rear brake pads need replacement every 60,000-100,000 kilometers. However, mountain driving or frequent hard braking can reduce this interval by 20-30%. Metallic scraping noises during braking, a spongy pedal feel, or increased stopping distance indicate hazardous wear requiring urgent attention. For premium vehicles, replacement is necessary when the wear warning light activates (threshold: 2.5-3 mm) or dashboard alerts appear. Regular brake pad inspections are recommended during every 5,000-kilometer service, with more frequent checks in humid climates. Simultaneously monitor brake disc condition (recommended replacement: one disc per two pad changes) to maintain braking system performance. Opting for OEM or ceramic composite brake pads enhances durability and noise reduction.

The average lifespan of brake pads varies depending on factors such as vehicle model, driving habits, and road conditions. Front brake pads typically last between 30,000 and 80,000 kilometers, while rear brake pads last around 60,000 to 120,000 kilometers. Driving habits have a significant impact on wear: frequent sudden braking or driving in congested urban areas shortens their lifespan, whereas smooth driving or high-speed driving can extend the service period. Vehicles with heavy loads or those driven in mountainous areas also experience accelerated wear. It is recommended to regularly check the thickness of the brake pads. New pads are approximately 1.5 centimeters thick; they should be replaced immediately when worn down to 0.3 centimeters or when an alarm is triggered (such as a metal friction sound or a dashboard warning). New energy vehicles may have longer brake pad lifespans due to the assistance of kinetic energy recovery systems. When replacing brake pads, it is advisable to choose original equipment manufacturer (OEM) quality products and note that a 200-kilometer break-in period is needed to ensure braking performance. For safety, inspect the condition of the brake pads every 10,000 kilometers and promptly address issues such as abnormal wear or increased braking distance.

Worn-out brake pads pose a serious threat to driving safety, primarily manifested as significantly reduced braking performance, markedly extended braking distance, and collateral damage to other brake system components. When the friction pad thickness falls below 3 millimeters, brake pedal travel increases, potentially preventing timely stops during emergency braking. If worn down to metal-on-metal contact with the brake disc (thickness under 1 millimeter), this not only produces warning screeches but also causes abrupt braking force reduction or complete failure, while simultaneously risking brake disc scoring or warping - potentially increasing repair costs to thousands of ringgit. Prolonged neglect may additionally cause abnormal brake caliper wear, resulting in pulling or vibration during braking. Owners should inspect front brake pad thickness every 30,000-50,000 km (rear pads: 60,000-80,000 km), replacing genuine parts promptly based on residual thickness measurements, unusual noises, or pedal feedback. Urban stop-and-go driving necessitates more frequent inspections. Regular maintenance prevents secondary brake disc damage from delayed replacement, ensuring continuous brake system safety.

The replacement of brake pads usually takes 1 to 2 hours, with the specific duration depending on the vehicle model structure and the technician's proficiency. However, the actual replacement interval should be determined based on comprehensive assessment of the vehicle's usage conditions. It is recommended to inspect and replace front brake pads every 30,000 to 50,000 kilometers, while rear brake pads should be evaluated between 60,000 to 100,000 kilometers. More importantly, monitor the wear thickness: new pads measure 1.5 cm in thickness. Replacement should be considered when wear reaches 5 mm (approximately one-third of the original thickness), and becomes mandatory when below 3 mm. Driving habits significantly impact their service life. Frequent hard braking or prolonged heavy loads may reduce the replacement interval to 20,000 kilometers, whereas conservative driving can extend it to 80,000 kilometers. Regarding materials, semi-metallic brake pads offer optimal durability, while ceramic pads provide superior braking performance but wear faster. Particular attention should be paid to metal-on-metal grinding noises or noticeable reduction in braking effectiveness - immediate servicing is required even if the recommended mileage hasn't been reached. Professional inspections are advised every 5,000 kilometers or six months, with shorter intervals for mountainous terrain driving or automatic transmission vehicles. During replacement, opt for genuine parts and concurrently examine the brake discs and fluid condition to ensure overall braking system reliability.

To check the brake pad thickness without wheel removal, multiple methods can be used for comprehensive assessment. First, visually inspect the brake pads through the wheel hub gaps at approximately a 15-degree angle. New brake pads are about 1.5 cm thick and require immediate replacement when worn down to 0.3 cm or level with the raised wear indicators on both sides. Some vehicle models feature wheel hub designs permitting direct visual inspection; if the remaining pad thickness is only 1/3 of the original (approximately 0.5 cm), inspection frequency should be increased. Auditory cues are equally crucial. A metallic scraping sound during light brake application indicates the pads have reached their wear limit, necessitating simultaneous inspection of the brake discs. Regarding driving feedback, symptoms like increased brake pedal travel, reduced braking efficiency, or abnormal vibrations typically signal excessive pad wear. Most modern vehicles incorporate wear warning systems, and illumination of the brake warning light on the dashboard warrants prompt servicing. Regular inspections every 20,000-30,000 km or six months are recommended, with more frequent checks for vehicles operating in mountainous terrain or under heavy braking conditions. While professional workshops employ vernier calipers or specialized thickness gauges for precise measurements, the aforementioned methods provide effective routine monitoring to ensure driving safety.

The average cost of brake pad replacement mainly depends on the vehicle class, material selection, and maintenance channel. For ordinary family cars such as Toyota Corolla or Volkswagen Lavida, the front brake pads cost about 150-300 Malaysian Ringgit per set, the rear ones 100-200 Malaysian Ringgit per set, and the total cost for replacing all four wheels including labor fees is approximately 600-800 Malaysian Ringgit. It is recommended to choose semi-metallic materials to balance cost-effectiveness and daily commuting needs. For mainstream SUVs like Honda CR-V, due to their heavier body weight, ceramic composite front brake pads (250-450 Malaysian Ringgit per set) are recommended, with a total cost of about 800-1200 Malaysian Ringgit for four-wheel replacement. Their high-temperature resistance makes them more suitable for complex road conditions. For luxury models such as Mercedes-Benz E-Class, since special tools are required to reset the electronic parking brake, the price of original brake pads can reach 500-1600 Malaysian Ringgit per set, and the four-wheel replacement cost at authorized dealerships is about 4000-5000 Malaysian Ringgit. However, reputable third-party workshops can save more than 40% of the cost. In terms of materials, semi-metallic pads are suitable for basic needs, ceramic pads (300-600 Malaysian Ringgit per set) offer better heat dissipation and quieter operation, while carbon fiber performance-grade products cost over 1000 Malaysian Ringgit. Note that brake pads must be replaced when their thickness is less than 3 millimeters to avoid damaging the brake discs. It is recommended to inspect regular vehicles every 30,000 kilometers, while for luxury cars or frequent braking conditions, the interval should be reduced to 20,000 kilometers.

Driving habits have a very significant impact on brake life. Sudden acceleration and sudden braking will greatly increase the friction and heat between the brake pads and brake discs, leading to accelerated wear. Typically, the lifespan of front brake pads will be reduced to less than 30,000 kilometers, while rear brake pads may only last about 50,000 kilometers. Frequent starts and stops in congested areas or prolonged braking on mountain roads can also keep the brake system at elevated temperatures, accelerating material fatigue. In contrast, a gentle driving style characterized by smooth acceleration, early anticipation for deceleration, and proper utilization of engine braking can extend brake pad lifespan to over 60,000 kilometers. Under normal usage, brake discs require replacement at approximately 100,000 kilometers, but aggressive driving may shorten this interval to 70,000 kilometers. It is recommended to regularly inspect brake pad thickness (replace when below 3mm), be alert to abnormal metallic grinding noises, and opt for genuine or reputable brand components. Good driving habits can not only reduce annual brake system maintenance costs by approximately 200 to 500 ringgit but also significantly enhance driving safety.

Multiple methods can be used to comprehensively assess whether brake pads are worn. New brake pads typically have a thickness of 10-15 millimeters and need to be replaced immediately when worn down to 3-5 millimeters. Some vehicle models are equipped with wear indicators on the brake pads, and when the pad approaches the indicator position, it signals the need for replacement. Audibly, if a sharp metallic grinding noise occurs during braking, it may be due to excessive wear causing the friction material to come into direct contact with the brake disc. In terms of driving feel, a longer brake pedal travel or the need to press the pedal deeper to achieve the desired braking effect also indicates severe wear. The brake warning light on the dashboard of some vehicles will illuminate, which is a clear replacement signal from the electronic monitoring system. Additionally, professional maintenance personnel can further confirm the condition by inspecting brake disc wear marks, caliper operating status, etc. It is worth noting that urban congested road conditions or aggressive driving habits can accelerate wear. It is recommended to inspect the brake pads every 30,000 kilometers or at least every 6 months. If measured with simple tools, the brake pads must be replaced within 48 hours if their thickness drops below 3 millimeters to ensure safety. There are differences in wear rates between front and rear brake pads of different vehicle models, with the front ones usually wearing faster. Regular comprehensive inspections can effectively prevent risks caused by decreased braking performance.

The replacement timing of brake pads mainly depends on their remaining thickness. New brake pads typically measure between 10mm and 15mm in thickness, with specific values varying by vehicle model and material. When worn down to 1/3 of the original thickness (approximately 3mm to 5mm), inspection frequency should be increased. Immediate replacement is mandatory when the thickness reaches the critical limit of 3mm, as failure to do so may result in brake failure or damage to the brake disc. Certain vehicle models feature a wear warning system that activates a dashboard alert when the thickness falls below the safety threshold. Routine thickness assessment can be performed through visual inspection of wheel hub clearance, observation of the metal wear indicator (approximately 3mm thick), or caliper measurement. Symptoms such as abnormal braking noise (characterized by sharp metallic scraping), stiff pedal feel, or noticeably extended stopping distance also indicate replacement necessity. Professional inspection by technicians is recommended every 5,000 kilometers or during scheduled maintenance, with particular attention to front brake pads which experience accelerated wear due to greater load. Post-replacement, multiple brake applications are required to eliminate clearance between new pads and discs, ensuring optimal braking performance. A conservative approach recommends proactive replacement when thickness approaches 4mm, with maintenance intervals reduced by 30% for urban stop-and-go traffic conditions. Prompt replacement not only ensures driving safety but also prevents escalated repair costs from excessive wear.