What are the 4 types of navigation?

It is feasible to install a navigation system in a vehicle, and the specific solution should be selected based on the vehicle model and requirements. If the vehicle's factory settings support navigation module upgrades, the original factory-matched system can be installed directly through an authorized dealership, offering high integration and excellent compatibility, though the cost typically ranges from 2,000 to 5,000 Malaysian Ringgit. For models without factory support, third-party embedded navigation devices may be installed, requiring removal of the center console panel to connect power cables, audio lines, and GPS antennas. During installation, ensure proper interface compatibility and avoid obstructing the driver's line of sight. Such devices generally cost between 800 and 2,500 Malaysian Ringgit. Portable navigation or smartphone mirroring solutions are more affordable (300 to 800 Malaysian Ringgit) but depend on cellular signals and offer relatively lower stability. The installation process requires disconnecting the power supply and using professional tools to carefully dismantle interior components. After installation, test the positioning accuracy, voice guidance, and route planning functions, and update map data regularly. Note that modifications to certain premium vehicles may void the manufacturer's warranty, so prior consultation with an authorized service center is advised.

Vehicle navigation systems are mainly divided into three types. First, there are traditional GPS navigators. These devices provide basic route guidance by receiving satellite signals and are commonly found in early models or economy cars. Their advantages lie in strong stability and independence from network connectivity, but map updates require manual operation. Second, there are smartphone navigation apps such as Waze and Google Maps. They utilize mobile networks to deliver real-time traffic updates and intelligent route planning, making them particularly suitable for urban commuting. Notably, Waze leverages localized community data to accurately predict traffic congestion. Third, there are connected car navigation systems. These high-end configurations integrate vehicle sensor data with cloud services. For instance, factory-installed navigation systems in some luxury models can synchronize air conditioning settings with route preferences and support wireless map updates via OTA. It is noteworthy that with the widespread adoption of 5G technology, hybrid navigation systems are increasingly becoming prevalent. The GKUI system in Proton X90, for example, combines offline navigation with online services while maintaining basic functionality in low-signal areas. When selecting a system, usage scenarios should be considered. For long-distance travel, dual-mode navigation devices are recommended to accommodate unstable network coverage.

The car navigation system is an electronic device integrated into vehicles, which provides drivers with real-time route planning and location guidance through Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. Modern car navigation systems usually feature high-definition touch screens, voice prompts, real-time traffic updates and other functions. Some high-end models also support lane-level navigation and charging pile location query (for electric vehicles). In Malaysia, mainstream navigation solutions include original car systems (such as localized navigation installed in Proton and Perodua models) and third-party applications like Waze and Google Maps. Among them, Waze is particularly suitable for dealing with traffic congestion in cities like Kuala Lumpur due to its real-time user-reported traffic events (such as accidents and roadblocks) and dynamic route adjustment functions. It is worth noting that Petal Maps, introduced by some Chinese brand models, has recently shown advantages. Its integration of charging pile information and multi-language support (including Chinese) is relatively friendly to cross-border self-driving users. The core value of navigation systems lies in improving driving safety and efficiency. It is recommended to update map data regularly to ensure accuracy, and at the same time, combine the real-time nature of smartphone navigation to make up for the delay in updating the original system.

The replacement timing of front brake pads should be determined by comprehensively evaluating wear thickness, abnormal symptoms, and usage conditions. Immediate replacement is required when the friction material thickness falls below 3 millimeters or when the "BRAKE PAD WEAR" warning appears on the dashboard. During normal driving, abnormal phenomena such as sharp metallic grinding noises, noticeably extended braking distances, or a softened brake pedal feel also indicate that wear has reached critical levels. From a usage perspective, in urban congested conditions with frequent braking, front brake pads should be prioritized for inspection every 30,000 to 40,000 kilometers. For highway driving, this interval can be extended to 50,000 to 60,000 kilometers, while mountainous terrain with numerous slopes requires shortening the inspection cycle to 20,000 kilometers. Note that some vehicle models' wear warning lights only activate after complete pad depletion, by which time the metal backing plate is already grinding directly against the brake rotor. This may cause collateral damage to the braking system and result in additional repair costs. Therefore, we recommend measuring thickness during every 5,000-kilometer maintenance (standard value: 1.5 cm; replacement required below 0.5 cm). When replacing, prioritize genuine brand products like Bosch or Ferodo, and verify that quotes include labor costs to avoid hidden charges. Additionally, brake fluid replacement cycles (2-3 years) are not synchronized with brake pad changes, making bundled servicing unnecessary.

The replacement cycle of brake pads needs to be comprehensively determined based on the vehicle model, driving habits, and road conditions. For fuel vehicles, the front brake pads are usually replaced every 30,000 to 50,000 kilometers; if driving mainly on highways, this can be extended to 50,000 to 60,000 kilometers. The rear brake pads, which bear less force, generally have a replacement cycle of 60,000 to 100,000 kilometers. However, for models equipped with electronic parking brakes, since the parking brake contributes to wear, it is recommended to shorten the cycle to 50,000 to 60,000 kilometers. For new energy vehicles, due to the auxiliary braking provided by the kinetic energy recovery system, the service life of the front brake pads is significantly extended to 80,000 to 120,000 kilometers, while the rear brake pads still maintain a cycle of 60,000 to 100,000 kilometers. Special attention should be paid to warning signals: when the thickness is ≤ 3mm (approximately the thickness of a coin edge), there is metallic friction noise, the braking distance increases, or the dashboard warning light illuminates, the brake pads must be replaced immediately. Scenarios such as mountain driving, frequent hard braking, or heavy loads will accelerate wear, and the front brake pads may need to be replaced as early as 20,000 to 30,000 kilometers. It is recommended to check the thickness every 5,000 kilometers. Ceramic or semi-metallic materials are preferred to extend the service life. After replacement, a break-in period of 200 kilometers is required, during which hard braking should be avoided. As a critical safety component, brake pads should be inspected proactively rather than delaying replacement, to ensure optimal braking performance at all times.