What are two types of cooling systems used on automobiles?

To keep a car battery fully charged, efforts should be made in both daily use and maintenance. First, avoid leaving the vehicle parked for long periods. It is recommended to start the vehicle at least once a week and drive it for more than 20 minutes to ensure the alternator charges the battery. For those who drive short distances, they can replenish the charge by driving at a constant speed on the highway for 30 minutes. After turning off the engine, immediately turn off electrical devices such as lights and air conditioners to reduce parasitic drain. For vehicles equipped with a dashcam, set a cutoff voltage threshold. Regularly clean the battery terminals: use a damp cloth to remove oxides, then apply petroleum jelly to prevent corrosion, and check if the vent caps are blocked. For serviceable batteries, ensure the electrolyte level is 10-15mm above the plates. Only add distilled water or battery replenisher; never use drinking water. For vehicles parked for extended periods, it is recommended to disconnect the negative cable or start and charge the battery for 20 minutes every 15 days. When charging, pay attention to voltage matching: the standard charging voltage for a 12V battery is 13.5-14.5V to avoid overcharging or undercharging. Check the battery status through the indicator: green indicates normal, while black means replacement should be considered. Generally, the lifespan of a battery is 2-3 years, and regular capacity testing at a professional shop can extend it to 4 years. Special attention should be paid in winter: when the low-voltage warning light illuminates or the vehicle is hard to start, charge it immediately to avoid deep discharge exceeding 25%.

Charging the battery of a parked car requires following safety regulations and selecting an appropriate method. Common approaches include using a dedicated charger or utilizing the vehicle's alternator. During operation, ensure the vehicle is turned off, remove the battery and place it in a well-ventilated area, open the vent caps, then connect the charger (red clamp to the positive terminal, black clamp to the negative terminal). It is recommended to use the 12V slow-charging mode; charging typically takes 10-15 hours and should not exceed 12 hours to prevent overcharging. For jump-start charging, connect the rescue vehicle's battery in the sequence of positive-to-positive and negative-to-negative. For routine maintenance, start the engine and let it idle for 15 minutes weekly to maintain charge. During long-term storage, charge the battery at least monthly. Additionally, regularly check the electrolyte level (adding distilled water if low), clean electrode oxidation, and ensure vent holes are clear. Note that vehicles with automatic transmissions cannot be push-started, and all onboard electronics should be turned off before charging. A new battery's initial charge should be performed in stages, totaling approximately 45-65 hours. After charging, adjust the electrolyte specific gravity to the standard value. Proper charging extends battery life and prevents starting difficulties or alternator damage due to power depletion.

The duration of trickle charging typically depends on the battery capacity, state of discharge, and charging current. It is generally recommended to charge for 8 to 15 hours. If the battery's state of charge is below 50%, charging with a low current of 5-10A requires approximately 8-12 hours; if severely depleted (e.g., state of charge below 20%), the charging duration should be extended to 15-20 hours. While fast charging can superficially activate the battery within 3-5 hours, it cannot achieve a complete charge, and prolonged use may shorten the battery's service life. Ambient temperature should be monitored during charging, with 0-25°C being the optimal range, as temperatures outside this range will increase charging time. Ensure the vehicle is turned off and battery connections are detached during operation. Use a smart charger to automatically regulate current and prevent overcharging, which could lead to electrolyte loss or battery damage. For batteries older than 3 years that experience frequent discharge, replacement is advised to ensure reliable vehicle starting. Regular maintenance and proper usage practices—such as avoiding extended idle periods or excessive electrical loads when the engine is off—can significantly prolong battery life.

Car batteries do charge automatically while the vehicle is in motion, primarily through two methods. When the engine is running, it drives the generator to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, which then charges the battery after rectification and voltage stabilization—typically, an engine speed of over 1600 rpm enables effective charging. Some modern vehicles are also equipped with a brake energy recovery system, which converts kinetic energy into electrical energy for storage during braking. Charging efficiency is affected by engine speed: charging is slower at idle, while it is more effective during normal driving. If the battery is severely depleted, it can be charged by driving after a jump start, but repeated cranking should be avoided to prevent over-discharging. It is recommended to turn off unnecessary electrical devices during daily use and drive the vehicle regularly to maintain battery activity, thereby extending its service life. The normal lifespan of a car battery ranges from 1 to 8 years, depending on usage habits and maintenance practices.

A completely dead car battery can be recharged via jump-starting, but strict adherence to safe operating procedures is required. First, prepare a pair of copper-core jumper cables with a wire diameter of 16 square millimeters or more, and ensure both vehicles have the same voltage (typically 12V). During operation, both cars must be turned off with the parking brake fully engaged; automatic transmissions should be in P (Park) and manual transmissions in neutral, with all electrical devices turned off. The connection sequence is as follows: first attach the red clamp to the positive terminal (+) of the donor vehicle's battery, then to the positive terminal of the dead battery; attach the black clamp first to the negative terminal (-) of the donor vehicle's battery, and finally to a metal grounding point on the dead vehicle's engine block (at least 45 centimeters away from the battery). Start the donor vehicle and let it run at 2000 rpm for 5 minutes, then attempt to start the disabled vehicle. Once successful, remove the cables in reverse order—first the negative clamps, then the positive ones—to avoid short-circuit risks. Ensure the cable insulation is intact; prevent contact between positive and negative terminals during connection. If the battery shows leakage or severe corrosion, discontinue the operation immediately. Preventive measures include driving the vehicle for at least 20 minutes weekly to maintain battery charge; in extreme climates, increase battery inspection frequency; for prolonged parking, disconnect the negative terminal or use a battery maintainer. If jump-starting fails repeatedly, the battery may be depleted or other electrical faults may exist, necessitating professional servicing.