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Common signs of brake pad wear include a sharp metal scraping noise during braking, caused by direct contact between the metal backing plate and brake disc after the friction material is depleted—immediate replacement is necessary to prevent brake disc damage. The brake wear indicator light on the dashboard serves as an electronic system alert, activated in most vehicles when pad thickness reduces to 2-3 millimeters. Increased brake pedal travel or a spongy feel suggests potential loosening or partial detachment of brake pad components, resulting in diminished braking force transmission efficiency. Noticeably extended stopping distances indicate severe friction material wear, where metal-on-metal contact fails to generate adequate friction. During visual inspections through wheel spoke gaps, brake pads measuring under 4-5 millimeters thick or brake discs displaying abnormal scoring warrant prompt replacement. Importantly, inner brake pads typically wear faster than outer ones; professional inspection every 10,000 kilometers or during routine maintenance is advised, with reduced intervals for mountainous terrain driving or frequent hard-braking situations. As critical active safety components, brake pad conditions directly impact braking effectiveness—disregarding these warning signs may compromise safety and escalate repair costs.

The judgment of whether brake pads need replacement is mainly based on wear level, driving experience, and vehicle warning signals. Generally, it is recommended to inspect and replace front brake pads every 30,000 kilometers, and rear brake pads around 60,000 kilometers, but the actual cycle is significantly affected by driving habits and road conditions. When the thickness of the brake pads is less than 5 millimeters or worn down to be flush with the grooves, they must be replaced immediately. If a sharp metal friction sound occurs when applying the brakes, it indicates that the wear limit indicator has come into contact with the brake disc, and replacement is mandatory at this point to avoid damage to the brake disc. Automatic transmission vehicles or those frequently driven in congested urban areas experience accelerated wear due to frequent braking; novice drivers or heavily loaded vehicles also require shorter inspection intervals. Some models display a brake pad warning light on the dashboard (a circle with parentheses symbol or text prompt), while older vehicles may indicate wear through a "squeaking" sound. If the brake pedal becomes soft or the braking distance is significantly extended, inspection should be conducted promptly even without a warning. It is recommended to visually inspect the thickness and wear uniformity of the brake pads every 5,000 kilometers. When replacing, prioritize original equipment parts to ensure braking performance, and note that new brake pads require a break-in period of approximately 200 kilometers to achieve optimal effectiveness. The material of the brake pads (such as semi-metallic or ceramic) also affects their lifespan, but the primary criterion remains actual wear condition.

The cost of replacing brake pads usually ranges from 300 to 800 Malaysian Ringgit, depending on the car model, the material of the brake pads, and the charging standards of the repair shop. Semi-metallic brake pads for ordinary car models are relatively affordable, with a set of front or rear pads costing about 150 to 200 Malaysian Ringgit. Adding the labor cost of 50 to 150 Malaysian Ringgit, the total cost for replacing brake pads on a single axle is about 200 to 350 Malaysian Ringgit. For mid-to-high-end car models, if ceramic brake pads are chosen, the price of a single set may reach 600 to 800 Malaysian Ringgit, and the labor cost will also increase accordingly. For example, feedback from Mazda 5 owners shows that the material cost of front pads is about 280 Malaysian Ringgit, and the repair shop charges 200 Malaysian Ringgit for replacement including basic maintenance, while the quotation from 4S shops may be as high as 730 Malaysian Ringgit (including 590 Malaysian Ringgit for materials and 140 Malaysian Ringgit for labor). It should be noted that front brake pads usually wear out faster than rear ones. For ordinary car models, front pads need to be replaced every 30,000 to 50,000 kilometers, while rear pads may last 60,000 to 100,000 kilometers. When the thickness of the brake pads is less than 5 millimeters or there is a metal friction sound, it is recommended to replace them immediately to ensure braking safety.

The replacement interval for brake pads should be determined based on a comprehensive evaluation of the vehicle model, driving habits, and road conditions. Typically, front brake pads are recommended for replacement every 30,000 to 50,000 kilometers, while rear brake pads should be replaced every 60,000 to 100,000 kilometers, with the actual wear condition being the decisive factor. Vehicles with automatic transmissions, those frequently driven in urban areas, or those carrying heavy loads experience faster wear and may require replacement as early as 20,000 to 30,000 kilometers. Daily monitoring can be done by checking the thickness (replace if below 5 mm), listening for abnormal metal friction sounds (indicating contact between the wear indicator and brake disc), or observing dashboard warning lights. Immediate inspection is necessary if the brake pedal feels soft or the braking distance increases. It is advisable to inspect brake pad condition every 5,000 kilometers, with more frequent checks recommended for aggressive drivers. During replacement, prioritize genuine parts to maintain braking performance, and note that new brake pads require approximately 200 kilometers of break-in to achieve optimal effectiveness. Regular maintenance helps prevent brake disc damage and ensures driving safety.

Autonomous vehicles primarily rely on the coordinated operation of multiple AI technologies, including core capabilities such as computer vision, deep learning, sensor fusion, and path planning. Computer vision utilizes cameras to capture environmental images and employs deep learning algorithms to identify objects including pedestrians, vehicles, and traffic signs. Simultaneously, LiDAR and millimeter-wave radar deliver accurate distance and velocity measurements, facilitating 3D environmental reconstruction through sensor fusion technology. Path planning algorithms dynamically compute optimal routes in real-time, while reinforcement learning enables continuous optimization of decision-making in complex scenarios like unexpected obstacles or extreme weather conditions. Notably, Level 3 and higher autonomous systems can assume primary driving responsibilities under defined circumstances, requiring automotive-grade chips for computational support and V2X vehicle-to-everything communication for infrastructure coordination. As Level 4 technology advances, large-scale models are evolving into the "cognitive center" of autonomous driving, capable of processing routine traffic situations while enhancing performance in long-tail scenarios (e.g., atypical obstacles) through extensive data training. Current technical hurdles center on minimizing algorithmic latency in non-standardized conditions such as torrential rain and establishing clear accountability frameworks for human-machine interaction—factors that will critically influence the commercialization trajectory of autonomous driving.